1. الفعل السالم Regular sound verbs
Verbs that have no Hamza or shadda: جلس، كتب، سمع.,

2. Irregular sound verbs
a. الفعل المهموز Mamzated sound verbs
Where ء is one of the consonants: أخذ، أكل، سأل، ملأ، لجأ

b. لفعل المضعف Germinate/doubled verbs
Verbs that have Shadda and they are divided into two types:

• الفعل المضعف الثلاثي: دقّ،ردّ
Where the second and third radicals of the root are the same:
: شدّ، مدّ، سدّ
• الفعل المضعف الرباعي
Where the first and the third letter letters are the same and the second and the fourth are the same زلزل، وسوس

الفعل المعتل B. The weak verbs
Verbs whose letters are vowels ا،و،ي

يبس، وسع وجد، وقع :ي or و Assimilated Verbs whose first letter is a الفعل المعتل المثال1.

قال، نام، باع Hallow Verbs whose second letter is a vowel: الفعل المعتل الأجوف2.

3. الفعل المعتل الناقص
Defected verbs whose last letter is a vowel: دعا، رمى، شكى، سعى

Verbs who has two vowels الفعل المعتل اللفيف4.
شوى، لوى:لفيف مقرون a.
Verbs that have two vowels that are not separated by a consonant:

وقى، وشى : لفيف مفروقb.
Verbs that have two vowels separated by a consonant

The post The sound and weak verbs in Arabic language appeared first on Ibn Ghazi Arabic Institute.

2. The comparative ……….
• Remember that the superlative adjective can act as the first noun in an اضافة. That is, it precedes the noun it modifies.
• The comparative is indicated through the use of افعل.as an adjective in an اسم + صفة construction. That is, it follows the noun it modifies. However, it differs from other adjectives is that it does not agree in gender with the noun and remains fixe din form.

The biggest room اكبر غرفة a bigger room غرفة اكبر

• To compare two entities, افعل Form is usually followed by من (Than).
Fes is bigger than Meknes فاس اكبر من مكناس

The post The comparative and superlative افعل التفضيل appeared first on Ibn Ghazi Arabic Institute.

The post الجذر و الوزن Root and pattern appeared first on Ibn Ghazi Arabic Institute.

The post Expressing similarity or likeness in Arabic مثل, ك, كما, كان appeared first on Ibn Ghazi Arabic Institute.

1. Nominal الجملة الاسمية

• الجملة الاسمية is a sentence that begins with a noun إسم or pronoun ضمير
Examples: احمد يسكن في الدار البيضاء انا من الولايات المتحدى الامريكب

• الجملة الاسمية has two parts:
 المبتدا or the subject
 ا الخبر or the predicate: new information such as what is related to the subject. It can be a noun, adjective, verb, prepositional phrase … etc. Note that الخبر tends to be indefinite when it is a noun or an adjective; This helps to identify where the sentence break between the two parts.
يسكن في الدار البيضاء احمد من الولايات المتحدى الامريكب انا
الخبر المبتدا ا الخبر المبتدا

• Nouns and adjectives in both المبتدا and الخبر must agree in gender (both مذكر or both مؤنث) and number (both مفرد and both جمع).
محمد استاد امينة استادة محمد وامينة اساتدة

الجملة الاسمية: المقدم الخبر Fronted Predicate

• You have seen both عند and ل used to indicate possession. لي عمة اسمها فاطمة  ،عندي دراجة نارية
• These words are used to express a verbal concept (to have) but are not themselves verbs. Grammatically, they are prepositional phrases and the sentences in which they occur are جمل اسمية.
• The order of المبتدا و الخبر is reversed and الخبرis fronted.
• This word order must be maintained because an Arabic sentence may not begin with an indefinite noun.

There; there is/are هناك

• In Arabic, the reversed جمل اسمية are often used to express the concept to have and the English construction there is/there are. الخبر usually consists of a prepositional phrase (ل, عند, مع, في) or the word هناك there, as the following table illustrates:

2. الجملة الفعلية

• In addition to الجملة الاسمية Arabic has another sentence pattern الجملة الفعلية, which is a sentence that begins with a verb. The subject of this verb is either contained in the verb itself or is expressed as a noun following the verb.
 هم) يكتبون رسائل الى اصدقائهم) the subject in this sentence is contained in the verb ون with the implied هم.
 يعمل والدي في القطاع السياحي the subject (والدي) in this sentence follows the verb.

• Most sentences can be expressed either as a جملة اسمية or as جملة فعلية. The main difference is the word order, which does not affect the basic meaning of the sentence.

الجملة الفعلية: Subject agreement

We said above that the subject can be either contained in the verb or follow it. Study this table.
The verb follows he subject
الجملة

What do you notice?

The verbs in these sentences are singular even though the subjects are plural. This is because whenever a verb precedes its subject and a subject is a separate noun (not part of the verb), the verb must always be singular. It must agree with the subject in gender. مذكر و مؤنث.

A verb that precedes its subject must be singular

The post The Types of Sentences in Arabic: الجملة الفعلية والجملة الإسمية appeared first on Ibn Ghazi Arabic Institute.

The analysis of American presidents’ foreign policy roles in the MENA area revealsthe fact that the region’s oil is another pivotal interest for the US. To protect this interest, American presidents have done everything from ordering a CIA coup to overthrowan Iranian government which threatened to nationalize its oil resources, intervening to cool off regional conflicts, proposing legislations to protect oil-producing countries using military means, and authorizing arms sales to some of the oil-producing countries. In moments of oil crisis, the American presidents have responded in various ways which include increasing domestic production or asking oil-producing countries to increase production to compensate for the rise of the pricein addition to asking Americans to change their consumption habits.

In addition to protecting Israel and the region’s oil, which have been considered constant and historic US interests in the MENA area, this article’s analyses reveals another US interest which remains relatively nascent. Indeed, I am talking about preventing fundamentalist or terrorist groups from taking over power in the regionthrough launching the war on terrorwhich started after 9/11with George W. Bush war in Iraq and Afghanistanagainst Al Qaeda; this waswas carried on by Obama against ISIS and will be pursued by Trump as he expressed many times before and after becoming the president.
This goal or interest seems to join the first two in becoming a constant and historic one as it has been running for about 15 years now and it is very likely to continue during Trump’s presidency. The questions that necessitate further research are the following: Is there a relationship between the war on terror andother US interests in the region? Namely, protecting Israel and oil. Could these latter be the real driving forces behind the war on terror? In addition to the pivotal interests of the US in the MENA region, analyzing the foreign policy roles of American presidents revealssome other conclusions. The first of these conclusions is the extent to which foreign policy in the region changes in moment of crises. In other words, American presidents deal with and react to events that have challenged or threatened US interests in the region. We notice that these changes include launching military actions,establishing stricter defensive and security measures,authorizing arms sales, applyingeconomic sanctions, increasing or decreasing foreign aid, leading diplomatic negotiations and mediatory interventions, making supportive or opposing political statements or taking positions on the event that triggers the change.

Other related conclusions which can be deduced from the summary tables above is that republicans tend to be more responsive to international events in the MENA area than democrats; republicans are also more likely to use force to deal with critical issues in the region than democrats who are more inclined towards diplomatic means and negotiating agreements; additionally, republicans tend to be more productive than democrats in proposing legislations pertaining to US foreign policy in he region. Furthermore, republicans exhibit more inclination to implement legislative policies in the region than democratsthrough authorizing more arms deals. Last but not least, republican presidents have used more independent actions than democrats pertaining to Middle Eastern issues.

The post The Role of the American President in Establishing US Foreign Policy: The Case of the Middle East and North Africa appeared first on Ibn Ghazi Arabic Institute.